Teach-in
2004 : 3D foot kinematics from plantar pressure
data
by Chris Kirtley, The
Catholic University of America, Washington DC
Measurement
of foot kinematics has proven to be one of the greatest challenges in gait
analysis (Wright et al, 1964; Scott and Winter, 1991 & 1993). Until
now, most laboratories only measure sagittal motion (doris/plantarflexion),
with a few routinely reporting frontal plane (inversion/eversion) kinematics.
Recently, with advances in digital camera technology, there has been some
success with tracking markers attached to the skin over the many small
foot bones (Kidder et al, 1996; Liu et al, 1997; Leardini et al, 1999;
Carson et al, 2000; Theologis et al, 2003), or using small clusters (Jenkyn,
2002). However, there are still many problems to be solved, such as skin-bone
motion artifact and identifiction of bony landmarks. The talus, for example,
is impossible to track with surface markers (Taioli, 1997)
An
interesting alternative approach has recently been described based on plantar
pressure data (Hagman, 2001). The contact point of the calcaneus is modeled
as a rigid sphere rolling over a flat rigid surface. From the pressure
distribution, centre of pressure (CoP) and local radius of curvature of
the calcaneus are estimated. From the change in radius, the angular velocity
of the calcaneus is calculated, and thence the inversion/eversion angle:
Questions
-
Do you think this procedure is valid as a measure of hindfoot
motion?
-
What are its limitations?
-
Does your laboratory currently use a multi-segment foot model?
If so, which one?
Email your answers to [n/a]
What
we said on the CGA list
References
Hagman
F, Ulicevic T, van de Ven AAF, van Eijndhoven SJL (2001) Proc. 5th Symp.
Footwear biomechanics. Zurich, Switzerland.
Hagman F, van Eijndhoven SJL, van de Ven F (2002) A mathematical
model of the calcaneus from pressure plate measurements. VIIth EMED scientific
meeting. Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada.
Hagman,
Friso / Eijndhoven, Stef J. L. van / Ven, A. A. F. van de A mathematical
model simulating the motion of the calcaneus from pressure plate
measurements
(Eindhoven University of Technology. Designing Decision Support Systems
; RANA 2002/07)
Wright DG, Desai SM, Henderson WH (1964) Action of the
subtalar and ankle-joint complex during the stance phase of walking. J
Bone Joint Surg. 46-A(2):361-382.
Scott, S.H. and Winter, D.A. (1991) Talocrural and talocalcaneal
joint kinematics and kinetics during the stance phase of walking. Journal
of Biomechanics 24(8):743-752.
Scott, S.H. and Winter, D.A. (1993) Biomechanical model
of the human foot: kinematics and kinetics during the stance phase of walking.
Journal of Biomechanics 26(9):1091-1104.
Kidder
SM, Abuzzahab FS, Harris GF, Johnson JEA (1996) system for the analysis
of foot and ankle kinematics during gait. IEEE Trans. on Neural Systems
and Rehabilitation 4(1):25-32
Liu W, Siegler S, Hillstrom H, and Whitney K: Three dimensional,
six-degrees-of- freedom kinematics of the human hindfoot during the stance
phase of level
walking. Human Movement Science, 16:283-298, 1997.
Taioli
S (1997) Vicon BodyBuilder Foot Model
KR
Kaufman, D Morrow, D Hansen, HB Kitaoka (2001) A 3-Segment Foot Model Technique
for Measurement of Foot and Ankle Kinematics. GCMAS Sacramento.
Leardini A, Benedetti MG, Catani F, Simoncini L,
Giannini S (1999) An anatomically-based protocol for the three-dimensional
kinematics of foot and ankle complex. Clinical Biomechanics, Vol.14(8):528-536.
Henley
J.D., K. Wesdock, G. Masiello, J. Nogi. A New Three-Segment Foot Model
for Gait Analysis in Children and Adults.
Cowley
M.S., B.A. MacWilliams, P.F. Armstrong. A Multi-Segment Kinematic and Kinetic
Foot Model for Clinical Decision making.
Carson M, Harrington M, Thomson N and Theologis T (2000)
A four segment in vivo foot model for Clinical Gait Analysis. J Biomech.
34: 1299-1307.
Myers
KA, Wang M, Marks RM, Harris GF () Pediatric foot and ankle: validation
of multisegment kinematic model
Theologis
T, Harrington M, Thompson N, Benson MK (2003) Dynamic foot movement in
children treated for congenital talipes equinovarus.J Bone Joint Surg.
85(4):572-7.
Jenkyn
TR: Motion of the ankle complex and forefoot twist during walking and medial
direction changes. Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society 2002.
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