History/problem

• Triping/Falling
• Pain
• Cosmesis

Exam

• Duncan Ely
• Foot/thigh angle
• Bimalleolar axis
• Clonus
• Confusion test
• Coleman block test
• Shoe wear

Video

• Trunk
• anterior flexion
• Duchenne
• Pelvis
• Trendelenberg
• rotated
• hip-hiking
• Hip
• Flexion deformity
• Knee
• flexed at contact
• abnormal loading response
• stiff knee
• patella tracking inwards
• Ankle/Foot
• equinus
• toeing-in
• toe-clawing
• cavus
• planus
• Miscellaneous
• Circumduction
• Balance problem

Kinematics

• Pelvis
• Tilt
• double bump
• obliquity
• Trendelenberg
• leg-length discrepancy
• rotation
• hip flexor spasticity
• Hip/Femur
• flex/ext
• limited extension in stance (flexion contracture)
• ab/add
• adductor spasticity
• rotation
• internal rotation
• femoral anteversion
• Knee/Tibia
• flex/ext
• flexed at contact
• abnormal loading response
• stiff knee
• varus/valgus
• true deformity
• ligamentous laxity
• suspicious marker placement
• rotation
• tibial torsion
• artefact
• patella alta
• Ankle/Foot
• dorsi/plant
• equinus
• foot slap
• weak push-off
• drop-foot in swing
• varus/valgus
• cavus
• varus
• preoneal inadequacy

Kinetics

• Hip
• Increased H1S
• Increased H3S pull-off
• Reduced abductor moment
• Knee
• Extensor moment in stance
• Ankle
• Clonus
• Weak push-off

Treatment

• Surgery
• Hip/Femur
• Femoral Derotation Osteotomy
• Hip adductor release
• Psoas tenotomy
• Knee/Tibia
• Tibial Derotation Osteotomy
• Femoral Extension Osteotomy
• Hamstrings lengthening
• Medial
• Lateral
• Rectus femoris transfer
• Gracilis
• Sartorius
• Semimembranosus
• Foot/Ankle
• Proximal transfer of gastrocnemius
• Z-lengthening of Tendo-Achilles
• Strayer
• Vulpius
• Baker
• Split anterior tibial transfer (SPLATT)
• Posterior tibial transfer
• Flexor hallucis longus transfer
• Plantar fascia release
• Neuro
• Rhizotomy
• Phenol block
• Botox
• PT
• FES
• Strengthening
• Orthotic
• AFO
• Serial casting
• Hinged
• Floor reaction
• KAFO
• HKAFO
• LSU
• Parawalker